CARA MENENTUKAN FOKUS ATAU VARIABEL,RUMUSAN MASALAH,PERTANYAAN DALAM PROSES PENELITIAN,DAN MANFAAT PENELITIAN

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     Menentukan fokus atau variabel dalam penelitian

Fokus dan variable adalah bagian penting pada saat melakukan proses penelitian ilmiah,karena fokus dan variable memberikan arahan serta batasan yang jelas yang dapat mengacu peneliti pada elemen atau faktor yang akan di ukur dan di amati pada saat proses penelitian berlangsung. Variable ini biasanya berisi elemen tentang,proses belajar siswa,kinerja siswa,proses metode pengajaran,motovasi belajar dan sebagainya.

  1. Fokus penelitian

Fokus penelitian adalah elemen utama yang harus di lakukan pada saat proses penelitian,yang berisi subjek,masalah atau topik tertentu. Dengan memilihi fokus penilitian yang benar maka artinya sudah memilih masalah penting yang relevan  untuk di kaji. Dalam Pendidikan dasar,terdapat beberapa contoh fokus penelitian diantaranya:

  • Peningkatan keterampilan membaca pada siswa kelas awal
  • Pengaruh penggunaan teknologi terhadap motivasi belajar siswa
  • Hubungan antara metode pembelajaran kooperatif dan hasil belajar matematika

Tips Menentukan Fokus Penelitian:

  • Identifikasi masalah yang penting dan relevan dalam konteks pendidikan.
  • Baca literatur sebelumnya untuk menemukan kesenjangan penelitian yang belum terjawab.
  • Pastikan fokus penelitian spesifik dan tidak terlalu luas.

Fokus penelitian dapat membantu peneliti pada saat mencari informasi , serta  fokus pada satu area atau topik yang luas dan bersifat umum. Fokus peneliti mencakup beberapa aspek seperti fenomena,subjek dan tema yang akan di teliti. Pada penelitian kulitatif,fokus penelitian sering di gunakan karena jenis penelitian ini cenderung mengeksplor pengalaman,pandangan atau kompleks tanpa harus di pecah menjadi komponen-komponen yang ter ukur.

Contoh penggunaan kasus

  • Misalnya seorang peneliti ingin mengetahui dampak penerapan dalam meningkatkan keterampilan membaca di kelas bawah. Fokus peneliti dalam hal ini adalah “Penerapan keterampilan membaca di kelas bawah” secara umum. Peneliti ingin memahami bagaiamana cara guru mengimplementasikan keterampilan membaca tersebut dengan cara seperti apa,respon siswa nya bagaiamana,serta tantangan dan pencapaian apa setelah menerapkan keterampilan membaca tersebut.
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Conto kasus

  • Fokus peneliti : “ Bagaimana cara guru menerapkan keterampilan membaca di kelas bawah?”

Dalam kasus ini,peneliti akan mencari informasi bagaimana menerapkan keterampilan tersebut secara umum,mencakup dalam hal tantangan,pencapaian, respond siswa serta cara mereka menerapkan keterampilan membaca tersebut. Dimna fokus penelitian ini luas dan tidak terbtas.

  • Menentukan variabel penelitian

Variabel penelitian di gunakan Ketika peneliti kan menguji hubungan antara elemen-elemen tertentu yang dapat di ukur secara spesifik. Dalam penelitian kuantitatif variabel di gunakan untuk menjelaskan sebab dan akibat.Variabel terbagi menjadi 2 bagian

  • Variabel independent (Bebas),yang artinya variable yang dapat mempengaruhi  variable lain.
  • Variabel dependen (tergantung),yang artinya variable yang di pengaruhi oleh variable lain.

Pada saat proses penelitian penggunaan variable sangat penting karena dapat membantu peneliti mendapatkan pengukuran yang jelas dan tertruktur,seperti dalam elemen atau survey.

            Contoh penggunaan kasus

Misalnya, seorang peneliti ingin mengetahui pengaruh penerapan keterampilan membaca di kelas 3 SD,dalam hal ini peneliti telah mengidentifikasi 2 variable:

  • Variabel independent : Penerapan keterampilan membaca ( penerapan yang di lakuan oleh guru )
  • Variabel dependen : Hasil keterampilan membaca siswa ( keterampilan membaca siswa setelah dilakukan penerapan keterampilan membaca).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur apakah proses penerapan keterampilan membaca di kelas bawah ini dapat meningkatkan keterampilan membaca siswa.

            Contoh Kasus

Contoh kasus : “ Apakah ada pencapaian setelah melakukan penerapan keterampilan membaca untuk siswa kelas 3 SD?”

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Dalam kasus ini,peneliti menggunakan 2 variable,yaitu penerapan keterampilan membaca ( vriabel independent) dan pencapaian siswa (variabel dependen). Peneliti akan menguji hubungan dan pengaruh antara  2 variabel tersebut.

Fokus penelitian dan variabel dapat digunakan secara bersamaan dengan contoh kasus,sebagai berikut :

  • Fokus penelitian :Peneliti tertari pada cara bagaimana guru menerapkan keterampilan membaca pada siswa kelas 3 sekolah dasar
  • Setelah melakukan pengamatan lebih lanjut dan observasi,peneliti menemukan bahwa penerapan keterampilan membaca,dampaknyaa dapat mempengaruhi keterampilan membaca siswa.
  • Variabel penelitian : Penggunaan buku cerita sebagai media pembelajaran (variabel independent)dan hasil keterampilan membaca siswa (variabel dependen)

Awalnya peneliti memulai penelitian dengan fokus pada penelitian yang luas untuk dapat mengesplor fenomena atau masalah,akan tetapi fokus tersebut di bagi menjadi beberapa variabel yang terukur untuk melakukan pengujian lebih lanjut.

2.Merumuskan masalah

Merumuskan masalah harus jelas dan fokus karena dapat membimbing peneliti untuk menentukan metode yang sesuai.ciri ciri masalah yang baik harus jelas dan spesifik,realistis dan relevan.

3.Menyusun Pertanyaan

Dalam Menyusun pertanyaan ini harus berkaitan dengan masalah yang dirumuskan sebelumnya,pastikan pertanyaan penelitian harus dapat di jawab dengan data yang di kumpulkan baik melalui observasi,kusioner maupun metode yang lain. Ada beberapa jeni pertanyaan penelitian yang dapat di gunakan,seperti penelitian deskriptif dan pertanyaan eksplanator.

Pada penyusunan pertanyaan ada dua pendekatan yang memiliki tujuan dan cara dalam pengumpulan data,analisis format dan fokus yang berbeda.

  • Penelitian kuliitatif bertujuan untuk memahami makna,pengalamam atau pandangan yang lebih mendalam tentang suatu fenomena,penelitian ini bersifat eksploratif atau terbuka serta fokus pada pertanyaan bagaimana danmengapa sesuatu itu terjadi,dengan cara melakukan wawancara,observasi atau study kasus. Dalam penelitian ini sebelum melakukan pertanyaan ada yang perlu di perhatikan seperti indentifikasi masalah yang ingin di eksplore,tentukan subjek penelitian,dan susun pertanyaan yang terbuka.
  •   Pendekatan kuantitatif bertujuan untuk menguji atau menjawab pertanyaan yang mengandung hubungan antar varable,penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif,dengan menggunakan metode yang terstruktur seperti survey,atau eksperimen dengan mencari hubungan yang terukur antara variable yang sudah di tentukan.Pertanyaan ini bersifat terukur,serta menggunakan kata apakah,berapa banyak atau apakah ada hubungan antara.Adapun yang harus di perhatikan dalam melakukan penyusunan pertanyaan kuantitatip antara lain tentukan variable penelitian,Rumusan hipotesis,dan sususn pertanyaan yang terukur.
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              4.Manfaat penelitian

Manfaat penelitin adalah hasil atau kontribusi positif yang di harapkan dari penelitian yang dilakukan.Mnfaat penelitian di bagi menjadi dua yaitu manfaat teorites yang artinya memberikan kontribusi penelitian dalam bidang Pendidikan seperti pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan teori dan kosenp. Sedangkan manfaaat teori praktis adalah memberikan kontribusi langsung yang dapat di terapkan di lapangan,seperti praktik Pendidikan,kebojakan atau kegiatan sehari-hari di sekolah.

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Anisa

Anisa, H.2210662, Prodi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar,Universitas Djuanda

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