Ontologi, Epistemologi, dan Aksiologi dalam Pendidikan

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Ontologi: Hakikat Realitas dan Manusia

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, kita sering kali menerima kenyataan yang ada di sekitar kita tanpa banyak mempertanyakan apa yang sebenarnya membentuk realitas itu sendiri. Namun, filsafat, khususnya dalam cabangnya yang disebut ontologi, secara mendalam berusaha untuk memahami dan menjelaskan hakikat realitas. Ontologi berasal dari dua kata Yunani, yaitu ontos yang berarti “yang ada” dan logos yang berarti “studi” atau “teori.” Maka, ontologi adalah studi tentang apa yang ada, tentang sifat dasar keberadaan dan hakikat realitas. Dalam bahasan ini, konsep realitas sering kali dihubungkan dengan keberadaan manusia, karena manusia adalah bagian dari realitas itu sendiri. Oleh sebab itu, pembahasan tentang ontologi tak bisa dilepaskan dari pertanyaan tentang apa itu realitas dan apa peran manusia di dalamnya.

Ontologi, Epistemologi, dan Aksiologi dalam Pendidikan
Ontologi, Epistemologi, dan Aksiologi dalam Pendidikan

Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini telah lama menjadi perdebatan di kalangan filsuf sejak zaman Yunani kuno hingga saat ini. Dengan mengamati dunia di sekitar kita, manusia mulai merenungkan apakah realitas yang mereka lihat merupakan cerminan sejati dari keberadaan atau sekadar ilusi yang dibentuk oleh persepsi indra. Pertanyaan tentang apa yang ada dan bagaimana kita bisa mengetahuinya menjadi inti dari diskusi ontologis. Misalnya, ketika kita berbicara tentang sebuah benda, apakah benda itu benar-benar ada, atau apakah itu hanya konstruksi mental yang dihasilkan oleh pikiran kita? Bagaimana kita dapat meyakini keberadaan sesuatu di luar diri kita?

Beberapa filsuf menyatakan bahwa realitas sepenuhnya objektif dan independen dari pengamatan manusia. Mereka berpendapat bahwa dunia materi yang kita lihat, sentuh, dan rasakan adalah kenyataan yang ada terlepas dari apakah ada makhluk yang mengamati atau tidak. Namun, ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa realitas bersifat subjektif dan tergantung pada persepsi individu. Mereka percaya bahwa dunia yang kita rasakan hanyalah refleksi dari pikiran kita, dan apa yang kita anggap sebagai kenyataan sebenarnya adalah konstruksi mental semata.

Baca Juga:  Final Project Presentations

Dalam sejarah filsafat, dua aliran besar muncul dalam diskusi tentang ontologi, yaitu realisme dan idealisme. Realisme berpendapat bahwa objek-objek di dunia luar benar-benar ada secara independen dari pikiran kita. Artinya, dunia material tidak tergantung pada apakah ada seseorang yang mengamatinya atau tidak. Di sisi lain, idealisme berpendapat bahwa kenyataan pada dasarnya adalah mental atau spiritual, dan dunia material hanyalah representasi dari pikiran atau kesadaran individu. Kedua pandangan ini saling berlawanan dalam memahami realitas, tetapi keduanya memberikan wawasan yang dalam tentang hakikat dunia di sekitar kita.

Dari sudut pandang realisme, kenyataan yang ada di dunia luar dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang tetap dan tak berubah. Misalnya, sebuah gunung akan tetap ada di tempatnya, meskipun tidak ada manusia yang melihatnya atau mengenali keberadaannya. Bagi para penganut realisme, dunia fisik ini adalah satu-satunya realitas yang ada, dan tugas manusia adalah menemukan hukum-hukum alam yang mengatur realitas tersebut. Oleh karena itu, ilmu pengetahuan alam, yang bergantung pada observasi empiris dan eksperimen, menjadi alat yang penting untuk memahami realitas yang sebenarnya.

Namun, idealisme memberikan sudut pandang yang berbeda. Para idealis seperti George Berkeley dan Immanuel Kant berpendapat bahwa apa yang kita anggap sebagai realitas hanyalah hasil dari persepsi mental kita. Berkeley, misalnya, berpendapat bahwa “esse est percipi”—bahwa ada berarti dapat dirasakan. Menurut pandangannya, benda-benda hanya ada jika ada yang mengamatinya. Tanpa persepsi, benda-benda itu tidak memiliki eksistensi. Kant, meskipun tidak setuju sepenuhnya dengan pandangan ini, berpendapat bahwa apa yang kita ketahui tentang dunia luar hanyalah fenomena atau tampilan dari realitas, bukan realitas itu sendiri. Dengan kata lain, ada perbedaan antara realitas sebagaimana adanya (noumena) dan realitas sebagaimana yang kita lihat (fenomena).

Baca Juga:  Panduan Praktis Desain Penelitian "Research and Development (R&D)"

Dalam filsafat modern, pemikiran tentang ontologi juga melibatkan refleksi yang lebih dalam tentang keberadaan manusia sebagai bagian dari realitas itu sendiri. Apa sebenarnya hakikat manusia? Apakah manusia hanyalah makhluk biologis yang terikat oleh hukum alam, atau ada dimensi lain yang lebih mendalam dari eksistensi manusia?

Beberapa filsuf berpendapat bahwa manusia, seperti halnya objek lainnya, adalah bagian dari alam semesta yang tunduk pada hukum fisika dan biologi. Pandangan ini sering kali dikaitkan dengan materialisme, di mana segala sesuatu, termasuk pikiran dan kesadaran manusia, dianggap sebagai produk dari proses material. Menurut pandangan ini, manusia tidak memiliki keistimewaan ontologis yang membedakannya dari entitas lainnya di alam semesta.

Namun, ada juga pandangan lain yang melihat manusia sebagai makhluk yang unik, dengan dimensi eksistensial yang tidak dapat sepenuhnya dijelaskan melalui hukum-hukum alam. Filsafat eksistensialisme, misalnya, menekankan kebebasan individu dan tanggung jawab manusia dalam membentuk makna hidup mereka sendiri. Filsuf seperti Jean-Paul Sartre dan Martin Heidegger berpendapat bahwa manusia tidak hanya sekadar “ada” seperti benda mati, tetapi memiliki kesadaran diri yang membuat mereka mampu merancang dan menentukan jalan hidup mereka. Sartre, dengan ungkapan terkenalnya “eksistensi mendahului esensi,” berpendapat bahwa manusia pertama-tama ada, lalu menentukan makna dan tujuannya sendiri dalam hidup.

Hakikat manusia juga sering kali dipertanyakan melalui hubungan antara tubuh dan jiwa. Apakah manusia hanyalah entitas fisik yang terdiri dari tubuh dan organ-organ, atau ada sesuatu yang lebih dari sekadar materi, seperti jiwa atau roh? Dualisme, yang dipopulerkan oleh René Descartes, menyatakan bahwa manusia terdiri dari dua substansi yang berbeda: tubuh yang bersifat material, dan jiwa yang bersifat non-materi. Menurut Descartes, tubuh dan jiwa saling berinteraksi, tetapi mereka memiliki hakikat yang berbeda. Tubuh tunduk pada hukum fisika, sementara jiwa adalah entitas yang bebas dan tidak terikat oleh hukum-hukum alam.

Baca Juga:  Etika dan Pendidikan

Di sisi lain, materialisme menolak gagasan dualisme ini dan menyatakan bahwa manusia hanyalah makhluk fisik, tanpa dimensi non-materi seperti jiwa. Pandangan ini melihat segala sesuatu tentang manusia—termasuk kesadaran dan pikiran—sebagai hasil dari interaksi material, khususnya dalam otak manusia. Semua fenomena mental, termasuk emosi, keputusan, dan pengalaman subjektif, dianggap sebagai hasil dari proses biologis yang terjadi di dalam otak.

Pemikiran tentang hakikat manusia juga membawa kita pada pertanyaan yang lebih dalam tentang tujuan hidup dan keberadaan manusia di dunia. Jika manusia hanyalah makhluk biologis, apakah hidup kita memiliki makna intrinsik, ataukah makna itu harus kita ciptakan sendiri? Ini adalah salah satu pertanyaan besar yang terus menggugah pemikiran filsuf hingga saat ini.

Fun fact: pada abad pertengahan, filsuf seperti Thomas Aquinas berusaha menggabungkan pandangan-pandangan ontologis yang berasal dari filsuf Yunani kuno dengan ajaran agama Kristen. Aquinas mencoba untuk menyelaraskan gagasan realitas yang didasarkan pada nalar dengan keyakinan religius tentang penciptaan dan keberadaan Tuhan. Ini menjadi salah satu usaha awal dalam sejarah filsafat Barat untuk mempertemukan antara pemikiran rasional dan kepercayaan agama.

Dengan demikian, ontologi tidak hanya berfokus pada pertanyaan tentang apa yang ada di alam semesta, tetapi juga bagaimana manusia, sebagai bagian dari realitas, memahami dan berinteraksi dengan keberadaan tersebut. Ontologi menantang kita untuk tidak hanya menerima apa yang kita lihat dan rasakan, tetapi juga untuk merenungkan makna yang lebih dalam dari keberadaan itu sendiri.

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This Post Has 1,002 Comments

  1. Josephniche

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  2. Josephniche

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  3. Josephniche

    90’lar modas?n?n guzellik s?rlar?yla gunumuzun trendlerine meydan okumaya ne dersiniz?

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  4. Josephniche

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  5. PedsElite

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    Gen Kanayama, MD, PhD, has authored over 20 research concerning the results of anabolic
    steroids. Kanayama states that he has observed
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    Via regular pores and skin, you can anticipate round 10% absorption however via scrotal pores and skin, absorption could possibly be
    close to 50% in some men. The cream also produces more of the metabolite DHT or dihydrotestosterone which may be answerable for restoring libido in men who have been refractive
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    One examine showed a bodybuilder who injected oil-based steroids intravenously suffered from acute respiratory distress36.
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    References:

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  6. Josephniche

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    Nostalji dolu bu yolculukta bizimle oldugunuz icin tesekkur ederiz. 90’lar modas? ve guzelliginin ruhunu hissedin.

  7. Testosterone is produced instantly from the ovaries and also through conversion of weaker androgens,
    androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),
    which are synthesized by the ovaries and the adrenal glands, respectively.
    In young premenopausal girls, the ovary is liable for roughly 25% of the testosterone
    manufacturing, whereas 75% is derived from the adrenal androgens.

    However, in postmenopausal ladies, the ovary becomes a significant source of testosterone manufacturing and its contribution increases to 50% (Adashi, 1994).
    The influence of AAS on female fertility is a posh and underexplored matter.
    This hormonal disruption could lead to perturbations
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    resulting in infertility (Karila et al., 2024, Saadedine
    et al., 2023).
    The only downside that we see with Winstrol,
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    This could be attributed to its diuretic properties, caused by a lack of aromatase enzyme,
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    hypertrophy (size), resulting in the next probability of atherosclerosis.
    We find that testosterone is normally the primary steroid a bodybuilder
    will take due to its delicate nature and security (in terms
    of aspect effects). Dianabol can be thought of a
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    retention accumulates in another way on Dianabol in comparability with Anadrol, with serum testosterone being converted into estrogen (via
    the aromatase enzyme).
    Bodybuilders have essentially taken benefit of this medicinal help for beauty purposes, which is the difference between legal and unlawful use of these medication. After
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    The quest for bodily perfection through chemical means might
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    psychological pitfalls. Some professional baseball players, cyclists, and track stars
    have been accused of — and in some cases have
    admitted to — utilizing steroids to provide them an edge competitively.

    Amblyopia can be detected as early as infancy,
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    Accredited training activities, evidence-based
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    The alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) could be seen to rise, often in a dose-dependent fashion. Ranges approaching 2-3
    times baseline are sometimes set as upper limits of reference ranges when administering oral AASs,
    however the risk-to-benefit ratio have to be continually evaluated.
    It is a weaker androgen than DHT and exerts comparatively less androgenic impact.
    The methyl group at C-17 makes this AAS an oral preparation and probably hepatotoxic.
    As A Result Of there are many agents in production and literally hundreds extra that have been synthesized,
    this dialogue focuses on the fundamentals involving the steroid ring substitutions and how these
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    Detailed evaluation is proscribed to these brokers which are obtainable or have been approved to
    be used in the Usa. The U.S. Meals and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved these drugs for use in pubertal-age boys and
    males with conditions that trigger a testosterone deficiency.

    Doping with anabolic steroids is banned by
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    supposed to boost desired results and decrease dangerous effects, however little
    proof helps these benefits.
    The suspicion exists that there’s a sturdy correlation between AS use
    and sudden cardiac death as a end result of arrhythmias and myocardial infarction. In 1991, Ferenchick et al.
    suspected that there could be an affiliation between AS and
    thrombosis that will lead to myocardial infarction and stroke in athletes [39].
    Also, Shamloul et al. reported a case of a 37-year-old male AS person who died
    of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction [27]. In 2011, Lippi
    and Banfi discovered that AS utilization lead to thrombotic issues in athletes [40].

    Roşca et al. also tested this principle with the drug nandrolone, and noticed a hypercoagulable state in rats [41].
    Chang et al. instructed that AS use could impair
    synthesis of coagulation elements, inhibitors, and fibrinolytic proteins, inflicting a procoagulant state which will result in myocardial infarction and
    different thrombotic complications [42]. Baggish et al.
    also discovered that there was an increase in coronary artery plaque quantity in AS users
    when in comparison with non-user, leading to rapidly progressive coronary artery disease [43].

    In an American Coronary Heart Affiliation study from 2017 inspecting the impact of anabolic steroids on cardiovascular health, the researchers discovered reduced left ventricular systolic
    and diastolic perform in addition to coronary artery disease.
    Compromising mental health to achieve a selected reputation about a bodily image is an phantasm.
    Unawareness in regards to the secondary results of anabolic steroids could be
    dangerous for public well being. Anabolic steroids are artificial chemical
    substance that mimics the action of testosterone,
    a male intercourse hormone.
    They are only out there by prescription, and their use and not utilizing
    a legitimate prescription is towards the law.
    Up till 2004, substances referred to as steroid supplements might be purchased legally at health food
    stores and different commercial outlets. But, in 2004, Congress handed amendments to the Managed Substance Act making the sale of supplements like tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) and androstenedione (street name Andro) illegal.

    This means that only remaining traces of metabolites could slip previous the
    drug testing strategies; these traces can now be picked as a lot as return a positive outcome.
    Like all areas of medicine, advances in efficiency drug testing are constantly
    ongoing and underneath analysis. This brings about new techniques that will
    or could not become commonplace and widespread in drug testing worldwide.
    You can’t assume one 12 months to the following that the identical avoidance methods will work.

    Some recent advancements in anti-doping testing that
    labs have developed embrace gene doping exams, retroactive liquid testing, and long-term metabolites.

    Testers will usually check for all known steroids, but when resources are limited, then solely the most commonly used steroids will be examined for.

  8. PedsElite

    Prime Male can be identified for its fat-burning capabilities,
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    Your steroid cycle construction may want to incorporate either a kickstarting compound or the process of frontloading.
    This will be essential when you’re using a quantity of slow performing (long ester) steroids that have long half-lives.
    With Out a kickstart or frontloading, you’ll be ready weeks to see outcomes with steroids like Deca-Durabolin and Equipoise, that are well-known for their
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    Your life will have an effect on the metabolism of oral steroids,
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    This not solely offers you most hygiene but in addition makes the process easier.
    But if you have syringes already fitted with their needles,
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    separate. All steroid customers should pay close attention to guarantee
    that blood is not aspirated when inserting the needle.

    If this does happen, the syringe should be completely withdrawn from that
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    I nonetheless mostly choose injectables to keep away from hepatotoxicity,
    Anavar being one exception. But should you don’t like
    injecting, then orals are still a wonderfully viable
    choice. This sort of cycle shall be focused on fat-burning and including
    strength. I’ll consider NPP and Anavar here because I already lined
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    This reality directly impacts the whole on-line steroid market, which, by
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    Such organ enlargement additionally applies to the center, growing cardiac mass (10).
    Tissue enlargement can additionally be widespread whereas taking HGH,
    with people’s noses typically getting bigger in measurement over time.
    Clenbuterol notably will increase coronary heart rate in our sufferers, which can be
    supported by analysis (8). This happens as a outcome of excessive adrenaline manufacturing,
    inserting unnecessary pressure on the heart. Though
    Clenbuterol is used by many bodybuilders to nice impact when attempting to lean out and
    get ripped, it is not FDA-approved for humans. From a security perspective, we discover Winsol
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    in increased free testosterone, with customers usually reporting enhanced libido in consequence.
    On the opposite hand, Masteron does have some
    androgenic downsides, so hair loss and potential prostate development could be issues, particularly when utilizing
    Masteron for a longer term. Corticosteroids are one other well-known group, however corticosteroids have totally different medical uses29.
    They’re great for reducing irritation and overactive immune response, but they won’t serve you for muscle
    growth.
    Each cycle is proscribed to 4-6 weeks and
    consists of only one steroid compound per
    cycle. Each girl may have a different tolerance regarding how much unfavorable effect she is
    keen to cope with. The most hardcore feminine bodybuilders will have a high tolerance for more severe side effects and may
    not even be overly bothered by this. Nevertheless, suppressing the event of male
    characteristics as much as possible for many different girls might be a excessive priority through the
    cycle. This is where getting the dosage proper can make
    all of the difference, and so will minimizing
    cycle size. The Feminine Bulking Stack is designed to imitate the effects of three steroids that females would undergo important
    unwanted side effects taking collectively – Dianabol,
    Deca-Durabolin, and Trenbolone.
    Each pharmaceutical product that enters the Roids USA system
    is thoroughly examined and evaluated, and we collect suggestions on the drug earlier than providing
    it to purchasers. You may be assured that your transactions with
    us will go smoothly since we never offer anabolic steroids
    for sale that we’re unsure of. Our anabolic steroid store collaborates with a
    number of high and extremely qualified laboratories.
    It’s the metabolites – the remnants of the metabolized anabolic
    steroids – that you just won’t have any thought are there until you’ve been tested.

    References:

    PedsElite

  9. Josephniche

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    Tarz?n?zda 90’lar?n esintilerini hissetmeye baslad?g?n?za eminim. Gecmisin izlerini tas?maktan korkmay?n!

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