Sebelum melakukan penelitian kita terlebih dahulu menyusun kerangka penelitian. Ada hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan seperti bagaimana mengidentifikasi fokus/variable, mengidentifikasi rumusan masalah, menentukan pertanyaan penelitian, yang sesuai dan bagaimana manfaat penelitian.
Mengidentifikasi fokus/variable
Fokus atau variabel penelitian memberikan arahan dan Batasan-batasan yang jelas bagi peneliti. Dalam Pendidikan variabel berupa kinerja siswa, motivasi belajar, efektivitas metode pengajaran, dan sebagainya. Cara menentukkan fokus penelitian yaitu pertama kita tentukan masalah yang penting dan sesuai dalam konteks Pendidikan, membaca dengan baik dan tentukan kesenjangan penelitian yang belum terjawab, pastikan fokus penelitian spesifik dan tidak terlalu mendalam. Contoh fokus penelitian misalnya peningkatan keterampilan membaca pada siswa kelas bawah.
Cara menentukkan variabel penelitian, dalam penelitian kuantuitatif variabel penelitian dibagi menjadi dua yaitu varibel independenndan variabel dependen. Dimana variabel independen adalah varibel yang mempengaruhi variabel lain, sedangkan variabel dependen adalah varibael yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel independent. Contohnya: jika peneliti mengukur suhu ruangan dan nilai ujian matematika maka variabel independennya suhu rungan dan dependennya skort es matematika.
Fokus penelitian digunakan Ketika peneliti ingin lebih mengarah pada topik yang lebih mendalam. Kalau variabel penelitian digunakan Ketika ingin menguji elemen-elemen tertentu yang dapat diukur secara spesifik, jika dalam penelitian kuantitatif variabel ini digunakan untuk menentukan sebab akibat. Ada kalanya fokus dan variabel ini digunakan secara bersamaan. Yaitu Ketika peneliti ingin menekankan topik pada hal yang mendalam dan luas lalu terbagi menjadi bagian-bagian kecil dan tersusunlah variabel-variabel yang spesifik.
Merumuskan Masalah Penelitian
Langkah dalam penelitian selanjutnya adalah menentukan atau merumuskan masalah. Karakteristik yang mencerminkan rumusan masalah itu baik yaitu kalimatnya jelas dan spesifik, tentunya sangat realistis dapat diuji, dan yang terpenting relevan sesuai. Contoh kalimat rumusan masalah “Bagaimana proses pembelajaran yang interaktif dikelas bawah.
Menyusun Pertanyaan Penelitian
Pertanyaan penelitian harus selaras dengan masalah penelitian yang sudah disusun sebelumnya. Sangat perlu memastikan pertanyaan bisa terjawab dalam melakukan penelitian seperti observasi, wawancara, survey, dan lainnya agar mencapai tujuan dalam penelitian dengan baik. Jenis pertanyaan dalam penelitian ada dua yaitu:
- Pertanyaan Deskriptif (fokus pada Gambaran fenomena yang dibahas) contoh: “Bagaimana tingkat motivasi belajar siswa setelah diterapkan penggunaan teknologi dalam pembelajaran?”
- Pertanyaan eksplanatori (mencari sebab-akibat anatara dua variabel) contohnya: “Apakah penggunaan teknologi dalam pembelajaran meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa?”.
Dalam penyusunan pertanyaan penelitian terdapat pendekatan atau metode dalam Menyusun pertanyaan penelitian. Pendekatan tersebut ialah pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantatif.
- Pendekatan Kualitatif ini metode yang digunakan untuk mencari makna, pengalaman yang lebih mendalam pada suatu fenomena tertentu bersifat eksploratif artinya menemukan pengetahuan baru. Dalam pertanyaan penelitian kualitatif memiliki ciri yang bis akita kenali seperti fokusnya pada penemuan makna, pengalaman, dan proses, sebab-akbat tidak dicari secara spesifik melainkan dengan cara yang lebih luas, penggunaan bahasa yang terbuka dan fleksibel, dimulai dengan kata “Bagaimana” atau “Mengapa”. Contonya “Bagaimana pengalaman guru sekolah Dasar di pedesaan dalam memotivasi siswa mereka selama pembelajaran daring pada masa pandemi COVID-19?”
- Pendekatan Kuantitatif metode yang menggunakan metode yang terstuktur seperti survey. Tujuan dari pendekatan ini adalahh untuk menguji hipotesis, pendekatan ini bersifat deskriptif atau eksplantif. Pendekatan ini juga menekankan pada pencarian sebab-akibat antar variabel. Pertanyaan nya biasa diawali dengan “Apakah”, “Berapa banyak”, “Seberapa besar”. Contohnya “Apakah ada pengaruh signifikan antara penggunaan metode pembelajaran berbasis teknologi dengan hasil belajar matematika siswa kelas 5 SD?”
Manfaat Penelitian
Setelah mengidentifikasikan fokus/variabel, merumuskan masalah, menyusun pertanyaan, selanjutnya kita menentukan manfaat penelitian. Apa manfaat itu? Manfaat merupakan hasil baik yang bisa kita ambil dalam penelitian untuk dijadikan sebagai acuan. Manfaat dalam penelitian terbagi menjadi dua ada manfaat teoritis dan manfaat praktis.
- Manfaat teoretis: Kontribusi penelitian terhadap pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, teori, atau konsep. Contohnya penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi teoritis terhadap pengembangan konsep pendidikan inklusif, khususnya dalam hal bagaimana pendekatan pembelajaran berbasis proyek dapat memfasilitasi perkembangan keterampilan sosial siswa. Hasil penelitian ini juga diharapkan dapat memperkaya literatur yang ada terkait hubungan antara strategi pembelajaran inovatif dan peningkatan kemampuan kognitif siswa.
- Manfaat praktis: Kontribusi langsung bagi praktik pendidikan, kebijakan, atau kegiatan sehari-hari di sekolah. Contohnya penelitian tentang pengaruh kurikulum baru terhadap proses perkembangan siswa akan mengetahui sejauh mana kurikulum ini dapat membangun, mencetak generasi yang lebih unggul. Sejuga sebagai titik acuan berhasil atau tidak, terjalankan atau tidak kurikulum baru ini.
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