Instrumen penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif

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Penelitian adalah metode yang digunakan untuk memahami fenomena tertentu dengan cara yang sistematis. Secara umum, penelitian dibagi menjadi dua kategori besar yaitu penelitian kualitatif dan penelitian kuantitatif. Masing-masing jenis penelitian ini memiliki pendekatan yang berbeda dalam pengumpulan data dan analisisnya. Salah satu elemen penting dalam penelitian adalah instrumen penelitian, yang merupakan alat untuk mengumpulkan data yang diperlukan.

  • Instrumen Penelitian Kualitatif

Penelitian kualitatif bertujuan untuk memahami fenomena sosial, budaya, dan pengalaman individu secara mendalam dan kontekstual. Penelitian ini lebih menekankan pada pemahaman dari sudut pandang partisipan, dan biasanya menggunakan data non-numerik seperti kata-kata, gambar, atau observasi. Berikut adalah beberapa instrumen utama yang digunakan dalam penelitian kualitatif:

  1. Wawancara Mendalam

Wawancara mendalam adalah metode pengumpulan data yang melibatkan interaksi langsung antara peneliti dan responden. Dalam wawancara ini, peneliti menggunakan panduan wawancara yang fleksibel dan terbuka, sehingga responden dapat menjelaskan pandangannya secara bebas dan mendetail.

Contoh:Seorang peneliti yang ingin memahami pengalaman ibu rumah tangga dalam mendidik anak di masa pandemi COVID-19 dapat menggunakan wawancara mendalam untuk menggali informasi secara lebih dalam terkait perasaan, tantangan, dan strategi yang digunakan oleh para ibu dalam mengatur kehidupan sehari-hari

  • Observasi Partisipatif

Observasi partisipatif adalah teknik pengumpulan data di mana peneliti berperan aktif dalam situasi sosial yang sedang diteliti. Peneliti hadir dan terlibat dalam kegiatan sehari-hari kelompok atau individu yang diteliti untuk mendapatkan pemahaman langsung dan mendalam.

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Contoh: Dalam studi tentang kehidupan masyarakat adat, peneliti dapat tinggal dan berinteraksi langsung dengan komunitas adat tersebut, mengamati aktivitas sehari-hari mereka, tradisi, dan hubungan sosial di antara anggota komunitas.

  • Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

FGD adalah teknik wawancara kelompok yang melibatkan beberapa partisipan yang berdiskusi tentang suatu topik tertentu. Peneliti bertindak sebagai moderator untuk memfasilitasi diskusi dan menggali pandangan, pendapat, dan pengalaman partisipan terkait isu yang sedang dibahas.

Contoh: Sebuah penelitian tentang persepsi masyarakat terhadap perubahan iklim bisa menggunakan FGD dengan mengumpulkan beberapa individu dari komunitas tertentu untuk mendiskusikan pemahaman mereka tentang dampak perubahan iklim di wilayah mereka.

  • Dokumentasi

Dokumentasi meliputi analisis terhadap dokumen-dokumen tertulis, foto, video, atau materi lain yang bisa memberikan informasi tentang subjek penelitian. Sumber data ini bisa berasal dari catatan sejarah, artikel berita, surat, atau catatan personal.

Contoh: Dalam studi tentang sejarah politik suatu negara, peneliti bisa menganalisis dokumen-dokumen seperti arsip pemerintah, pidato politik, atau artikel koran yang relevan.

  • Instrumen Penelitian Kuantitatif

Penelitian kuantitatif lebih menekankan pada pengukuran yang objektif dan statistik. Penelitian ini biasanya melibatkan pengumpulan data yang dapat dihitung atau diukur secara numerik, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teknik statistik untuk mengidentifikasi pola atau hubungan antar variabel. Beberapa instrumen utama dalam penelitian kuantitatif meliputi:

  1. Kuesioner

Kuesioner adalah salah satu instrumen pengumpulan data yang paling umum digunakan dalam penelitian kuantitatif. Kuesioner terdiri dari serangkaian pertanyaan tertulis yang harus dijawab oleh responden. Pertanyaan dapat bersifat tertutup (dengan pilihan jawaban yang telah disediakan) atau terbuka (responden memberikan jawaban dalam bentuk teks).

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Contoh:Seorang peneliti yang ingin mengukur kepuasan pelanggan terhadap layanan di sebuah perusahaan dapat menyebarkan kuesioner kepada sejumlah pelanggan yang berisi pertanyaan terkait kualitas layanan, responsivitas, dan harga.

  • Tes atau Ujian

Instrumen ini sering digunakan untuk mengukur kemampuan, pengetahuan, atau keterampilan individu. Tes bisa berbentuk tes standar, ujian pilihan ganda, atau bentuk lain yang memberikan skor numerik.

Contoh:Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat pengetahuan siswa tentang matematika dapat menggunakan tes dengan serangkaian soal yang disusun sesuai dengan materi yang ingin diukur.

  • Pengukuran Fisiologis

Dalam beberapa penelitian, khususnya di bidang kesehatan atau psikologi, peneliti menggunakan alat pengukur fisiologis untuk mengumpulkan data tentang respons fisik atau biologis partisipan, seperti tekanan darah, denyut jantung, atau aktivitas otak.

Contoh: Penelitian yang meneliti tingkat stres pada individu dapat menggunakan alat pengukur denyut jantung atau hormon kortisol untuk mengukur respon fisiologis terhadap situasi stres.

  • Skala Likert

Skala Likert adalah instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur sikap atau persepsi seseorang terhadap suatu pernyataan dengan memberikan pilihan jawaban dalam skala tertentu, biasanya 1 sampai 5 atau 1 sampai 7, yang menunjukkan tingkat persetujuan atau ketidaksetujuan.

 Contoh: Sebuah studi tentang persepsi guru terhadap penggunaan teknologi dalam proses belajar  mengajar dapat menggunakan skala Likert dengan serangkaian pernyataan seperti “Saya merasa teknologi meningkatkan efektivitas pengajaran” dan responden dapat memberikan penilaian dari “sangat tidak setuju” hingga “sangat setuju.”

  • Perbedaan Utama antara Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif
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1. Sifat Data:

   Penelitian kualitatif menggunakan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata, gambar, atau simbol, sedangkan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan data numerik yang dapat dianalisis secara statistik.

2. Tujuan:

   Penelitian kualitatif bertujuan untuk memahami makna dan konteks fenomena, sedangkan penelitian kuantitatif bertujuan untuk menguji hipotesis atau menemukan pola hubungan antar variabel.

3. Pendekatan Analisis:

   Penelitian kualitatif menggunakan analisis interpretatif dan induktif, sementara penelitian kuantitatif lebih mengandalkan analisis deduktif dan statistik.

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This Post Has 163 Comments

  1. Different forms of steroids embrace creams, ointments, injections, inhalers and sprays.
    These are mentioned within the separate leaflets referred to as Topical steroids (excluding inhaled steroids), Topical
    steroids for eczema and Asthma inhalers. Steroids are often taken both by injecting them into the muscular tissues, or by
    swallowing them in capsule kind. Hi-ground supplies a comprehensive listing
    of generally used AAS injectables and orals in Australia.

    SARMs are generally considered safer than conventional steroids,
    as they aim specific tissues and sometimes have fewer unwanted effects.
    However, they still carry some risks and ought
    to be used cautiously.
    For beneficial remedies, please seek the guidance of with your well being care supplier.
    The physician may do a bodily examination and order urine and blood exams.
    Frequent stimulants embrace caffeine and medicines called amphetamines.
    Andro can damage the center and blood vessels in anybody who takes it.

    This raises the risk of a serious problem that may occur
    when the guts doesn’t get enough blood, referred to as a heart attack.

    The impact of WINSTROL (anabolic steroids) on growing serum levels
    of C1 INH and C4 may be associated to an increase in protein anabolism.
    Hemoglobin and hematocrit should be checked periodically
    for polycythemia in patients who’re receiving excessive doses of anabolic steroids.
    Ladies with disseminated breast carcinoma should have frequent
    determination of urine and serum calcium levels during the
    course of androgenic anabolic steroid remedy (see WARNINGS).
    In youngsters, anabolic steroid remedy may speed up bone maturation with
    out producing compensatory achieve in linear progress.

    The youthful the child, the greater the chance of compromising last mature peak.

    The effect on bone maturation must be monitored by assessing bone age of the wrist and hand each six
    months. When utilized in combination with intense weight coaching,
    the adaptogenic properties of ABOL help signal your body to extend muscle protein synthesis.

    Excessive doses and longer cycles will cause a extra extreme suppressing impact.
    The body’s testosterone levels will rise when first taking Dianabol,
    as a end result of it primarily being exogenous testosterone.
    Nonetheless, the body will acknowledge that testosterone
    levels are excessively excessive, and thus, in a bid to maintain homeostasis, it’ll shut down pure testosterone production through
    the testes (17, 18). It does this by inhibiting the HPT (hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular) axis.
    However, we’ve seen such protocols lower power positive aspects because of the removal of intracellular
    fluid (inside the muscle cell).
    This article doesn’t in any way condone using such drugs however it does recognize that they’re out there.
    Of course this doesn’t stop the medication from being obtainable on the black market.

    See your physician for information and referral, or contact an alcohol and different drug
    service in your space. They might do that to both speed up
    their physical transformation or counter the unwanted
    facet effects of the steroids. This drug data is meant for informational
    functions solely and isn’t an alternative alternative
    to the experience of a medical skilled.
    Nevertheless, that is only a general rule that applies to those who don’t abuse
    steroids. Anadrol is quite possibly the best steroid by means of weight achieve and growing muscle
    hypertrophy. The weight we see gained on Anadrol is usually comprised
    of muscle and water retention. The reason that trenbolone ranks low on our record of the top 5 steroids for weight reduction (fat loss) is due to its harsh unwanted facet effects and increased progesterone.
    We have discovered trenbolone to possess distinctive muscle-building and fat-burning effects,
    making it a powerful bulking or chopping steroid.
    Medical Doctors prescribe them to treat problems such as
    delayed puberty and other medical issues that cause the physique to make very low quantities of testosterone.
    They also may trigger puberty to start out and might help some boys
    who have a genetic dysfunction to grow extra usually.
    The bodybuilder and TikToker David Rau (25,600 followers) has been open about his
    expertise. This may be attributed to the rise in testosterone levels that anabolic steroids can cause.
    However, as with other unwanted effects, this elevated aggression will
    have an result on customers to different levels.
    Roid rage, resulting in assault or murder, is rare but potential.

    This can persist for the primary few weeks of a cycle, after which sleep
    patterns typically enhance. Trenbolone and Anavar can be stacked collectively during
    bulking or cutting cycles, leading to considerable fats loss and large gains in muscle mass.
    Nevertheless, because of the presence of trenbolone, we think about this to be a harsh
    cycle and never suitable for novices. There are certain shampoos that block DHT at the follicular stage.

    This is the less efficient of the 2 options, in our experience.

    References:

    Anadrolon dosage calculator

  2. Some athletes also include other synthetic hormones, similar
    to development hormone and insulin. Athletes utilizing AAS
    can experience strength features of 5–20% and weight positive aspects of 4.5–11 pounds
    (2–5 kg), which can be as a result of an increase
    in lean body mass (5). Trenbolone isn’t C-17 alpha-alkylated, so it’s not thought-about a hepatotoxic steroid in moderate doses, in contrast to Dianabol.
    Thus, if users are anxious about liver injury, trenbolone is the much less deleterious possibility.
    Dianabol and trenbolone are two contrasting compounds,
    but each are used throughout bulking cycles because of their anabolism.
    Trenbolone is a powerful steroid, producing massive features in muscularity and power.
    Also, we discover that creatine is principally utilized
    by natural bodybuilders to construct energy and muscle size.

    The longer withdrawal signs linger, the more likely the abuser’s chances of going again to using
    steroids or turning to different harmful medication just to alleviate
    the prolonged unpleasantness. Another factor
    that impacts withdrawal duration is the type(s) of anabolic
    steroid because some steroids keep in the system longer than others.
    Depending on the half-life of the steroids taken, withdrawal signs could not
    even begin for several days following the last dose.
    The gender breakdown of remedy admissions for heroin was 63.7% male
    and 36.3% female.
    In reliable therapeutic use, the clinician will prescribe an agent based on clinical
    necessity for a specific symptom or indication, and the pharmacist can confirm acceptable dosing and check for drug interactions.
    Nurses can present counseling on administration together with the pharmacist
    and monitor for antagonistic results on follow-up visits.

    Pharmacists and nurses need an open communication channel with the prescriber.
    These actions present the potential effectiveness of an interprofessional group approach to anabolic
    steroid use or misuse. Dromostanolone is an artificial anabolic steroid
    with anti-estrogenic properties and is 5 times stronger than methyltestosterone, which
    is often used illegally by bodybuilders to organize for competition. Anabolic
    steroids also upregulate and increase the variety of androgen receptors, thus enabling elevated training intensity and indirectly
    contributing to elevated muscle size and strength.
    These can range significantly from individual to individual,
    as some people may be very sensitive to this. You will of course really feel very down as a outcome of deficit and cardio, but suck it
    up. At least the Masteron will increase your libido like you’re 14 once more and also you simply discovered Angelina Jolie.
    If you’re on the lookout for validation to run this compound
    you simply aren’t prepared for its results. Night Time
    sweats, nervousness, melancholy, extreme aggression, huge toxicity, feeling unwell,
    Tren-dick, and lastly it might possibly make life much less
    gratifying. It binds to serotonin receptors in your brain, thus
    issues that often make you happy, simply don’t. It will seemingly break
    the law of physics, as you lose fats and gain muscle at the same time.

    With a higher-than-normal fee of protein synthesis happening, your muscles can develop sooner and extra extensively – it sounds easy, however that’s the ultimate word objective
    of utilizing steroids (at least for bulking). As suggested by Baxmann et al.
    (166), measuring serum cystatin C may be more dependable
    to estimate GFR in wholesome people with
    larger muscle mass and potential gentle kidney impairment.
    Cystatin C is a protein that is produced by all nucleated cells and is freely
    filtered on the glomerulus. In Contrast with serum creatinine, serum cystatin C concentrations are much
    less affected by age, intercourse, race, and, most significantly, muscle mass (167).
    One research thus far has investigated the impact of excessive dosages of
    AAS on serum cystatin C concentrations (168).
    Each time you eat food, the liver has to digest it; thus,
    when taking hepatotoxic steroids and consuming
    massive portions of meals, the liver is changing into more and more taxed.
    The body’s way of dealing with this is to suppress the person’s appetite (as a self-defense mechanism), reducing food consumption. Due to
    Dianabol’s aromatization results and being highly estrogenic,
    it’s a compound that causes vital quantities
    of water retention. This can go away users
    wanting puffy, bloated, and smooth-looking; hence, why
    it’s sometimes used in the low season.
    This might be necessary when you’re using a number of sluggish appearing
    (long ester) steroids that have long half-lives. With Out a kickstart or frontloading, you’ll be
    waiting weeks to see outcomes with steroids like Deca-Durabolin and Equipoise, which are
    well known for his or her long half-lives. Steroids play a task in optimizing the nutrient pathways of
    the physique by successfully shuttling nutrients to muscular tissues
    which are giving the signal that protein synthesis is being initiated21.
    So all these quality carbohydrates, healthy fat, protein, nutritional vitamins, and minerals are making their method to
    the muscle tissue quicker and extra significantly than if you
    have been not using steroids. Delicate hirsutism happens in around 1 out
    of 5 girls given 150 mg testosterone enanthate each 4 weeks
    and is reversible after cessation of use (223).
    Though depression doesn’t appear to have an result on everybody, research have documented depressive signs,
    particularly during withdrawal, with several stories of suicides.
    It’s unclear whether people with melancholy caused by stopping high-dose steroid use
    would respond to antidepressants and ought to be monitored rigorously for suicidal behavior.
    However, due to methyltrienolone’s high toxicity, even in modest dosages, bodybuilders hardly ever use it and prefer injectable trenbolone instead.
    Anecdotally, we also see it trigger disturbances to the central
    nervous system, negatively influencing temper and well-being.

    We have found these neural effects comparable to leisure medicine such as amphetamine or cocaine.

    You can begin as little as 250mg weekly, but that is often solely sufficient to offer an exterior supply of testosterone if you’re utilizing different suppressive compounds.
    This can go as a lot as 1000mg, relying on your targets and
    your tolerance for unwanted facet effects. A cycle of Deca-Durabolin for
    your first newbie attempt places you in a category of steroids
    that are extremely popular however do require intramuscular injections.

    References:

    Trainingsregime und Kreatin

  3. Primobolan has garnered significant popularity within the realms of sports activities, bodybuilding, and fitness.
    Seizures of anabolic steroids increased by 26% within the UK final year to
    995,830 doses, most had been discovered on the UK border.

    Anabolic-androgenic steroids ought to solely be prescribed by a medical doctor for clearly outlined medical reasons.
    Athletes who wish to select a brief path to raised physique and efficiency
    by utilizing synthetic testosterone analogues should
    be aware of critical opposed effects. As is the case with
    many medicine, anabolic steroids could be addictive.
    Customers typically report improvements in endurance, stamina,
    and overall athletic capabilities when incorporating Primobolan into their coaching regimen. This is attributed to
    Primobolan’s influence on red blood cell manufacturing,
    resulting in increased oxygen-carrying capacity and improved oxygen supply to the
    muscles. Its reputation could be attributed to the constructive experiences and testimonials of users who have achieved their desired outcomes whereas maintaining
    a greater degree of security and tolerability.
    Moreover, sure assessments ought to be performed prior to initiating
    remedy. These embody obtaining a lipid profile, conducting
    hepatic operate exams, measuring hemoglobin and hematocrit ranges,
    and assessing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels.
    In patients aged 40 years and older, a prostate examination can also be really helpful before beginning
    testosterone therapy.
    Focus on a high‑protein food regimen (1.6–2.2 g/kg body weight), sufficient
    sleep (7–9 hours), and progressive overload in the health club.

    The “early warning” indicators are often easier to acknowledge as
    a result of they affect the pores and skin, hormones, and mood.

    Other research exhibits that specializing in the prevention of high-risk habits generally could be a catchall to assist ward off anabolic steroid use.
    Corticosteroids are common steroid drugs that reduce
    irritation and dampen the exercise of your immune system.

    If you or somebody you care about is dealing with the consequences of anabolic steroid abuse, getting professional assist is
    vital for a safe and successful restoration. Avenues Recovery Centers offers a compassionate, full-spectrum therapy program
    that’s personalised to satisfy your needs. Our dedicated team is here to support you
    thru the process, serving to you overcome
    dependancy and tackle any underlying issues. Don’t wait—take the first step toward a more healthy,
    drug-free life today. Contact Avenues Recovery Centers to learn the way we might
    help you in your journey to recovery.
    We have noticed novices full a RAD-140-only cycle initially to
    turn out to be accustomed to the drug. As a person gains expertise,
    a stronger stack is commonly utilized, corresponding to RAD-140
    and LGD-4033, for extra mass and strength outcomes when bulking [44].
    In terms of muscle hypertrophy (size) and energy, LGD-4033
    and RAD-140 are similar in efficiency. We have observed RAD-140 to have a stronger muscle-hardening impact, possibly due to estrogen ranges rising
    less and thus decreasing water retention.
    If this stimulation is nonexistent for an extended period, the
    testicles can lose volume and form, and basically shrink in size.
    Testicular atrophy has been found to be one of the frequent unwanted aspect effects among anabolic
    steroid customers, found to look in barely over 50%
    of all anabolic steroid users[27] [28]. Roughly half of all anabolic steroid customers will also by
    no means expertise this side impact – once once more, individual
    response.
    This makes it important to make use of Anavar rigorously, even though
    it is thought-Frequently Asked Questions About Steroids one
    of many anabolic steroids with least unwanted effects.
    Having intercourse when you experience menstrual cramps is healthy and may present significant advantages.
    Study extra about having intercourse whereas menstrual cramps are taking place and the method it might help your body.

    There can additionally be psychological results,
    including temper swings, paranoia, and aggressive or manic behaviour.
    Anabolic steroid misuse can cause a selection of physical
    and mental unwanted effects, which could be dangerous
    within the long and short-term. It stimulates your testes to supply more T,
    as nicely as boost your and seminal depend by up to 100% [7] and
    as an amino acid, has no unwanted effects. For example, a report on high-dose steroid use in 30 bodybuilders within the journal Life
    Sciences [6], found that solely 17.7% of the volunteers had normal sperm levels.
    One research [4] recruited a hundred steroid utilizing athletes in order to identify through questionnaire, their regimens and unwanted facet effects.

    In contrast, customers who inject 30 mg of Dianabol will expertise the complete dose.
    Dianabol (methandrostenolone) is often an oral
    steroid; however, injections are generally used, though much less commonly seen on the black
    market. Upon its release in 1958, Dr. Ziegler beneficial an authentic dosage of 5–15 mg per day.
    This was enough to see significant enhancements in athletic
    efficiency. Nevertheless, customers at present in search
    of greater enhancements in muscle hypertrophy usually take
    a better dose. Topical antibiotics are additionally an advantageous remedy for pimples, lowering infected
    lesions by 46-70% (27).

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