Pengertian Paradigma Penelitian
Paradigma penelitian adalah seperangkat keyakinan atau pandangan yang mengarahkan cara seorang peneliti memahami dunia dan cara mereka melakukan penelitian. Paradigma penelitian mencakup asumsi filosofis yang mendasari pendekatan yang digunakan untuk memahami fenomena, mulai dari bagaimana peneliti memandang realitas (ontologi), bagaimana pengetahuan diperoleh (epistemologi), hingga bagaimana cara terbaik untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data (metodologi). Berikut ini adalah materi tentang paradigma penelitian:
1. Komponen Paradigma Penelitian
Setiap paradigma penelitian terdiri dari tiga komponen utama:
• Ontologi: Berhubungan dengan pertanyaan tentang sifat realitas. Apa yang diyakini peneliti tentang apa yang nyata? Apakah realitas bersifat tunggal dan objektif, atau ada banyak realitas yang subjektif dan tergantung pada perspektif individu?
• Epistemologi: Berhubungan dengan cara memperoleh pengetahuan. Bagaimana peneliti percaya bahwa pengetahuan dapat diperoleh? Apakah melalui observasi yang obyektif (seperti dalam ilmu alam) atau melalui interpretasi subyektif dari pengalaman individu?
• Metodologi: Merupakan pendekatan atau teknik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data. Ini mencakup metode kuantitatif, kualitatif, atau campuran keduanya .
2. Jenis Paradigma Penelitian
Ada beberapa paradigma penelitian utama yang sering digunakan oleh peneliti:
a. Positivisme
Menganggap bahwa realitas objektif ada diluar pikiran manusia dan bisa diukur secara empiris melalui observasi dan eksperimen. Tujuannya adalah untuk menemukan hukum-hukum umum yang berlaku secara universal.
Contoh dalam pendidikan:
Misalnya penelitian dapat mengukur efektifitas suatu metode pengajaran berdasarkan hasil tes standar siswa misalnya hubungan antara motivasi belajar dan prestasi akademik.
b. Interpretivisme
Paradigma Interpretivisme adalah salah satu paradigma dalam penelitian sosial yang berfokus pada pemahaman mendalam tentang makna yang diberikan oleh individu atau kelompok terhadap pengalaman, peristiwa, atau interaksi sosial. Berbeda dengan paradigma positivisme yang menekankan objektivitas dan pengukuran yang dapat diulang, interpretivisme menekankan bahwa realitas sosial bersifat subjektif dan dibangun melalui perspektif dan interpretasi individu.
Contoh dalam pendidikan:
Misalnya, sebuah studi tentang bagaimana komunitas lokal memberi makna pada ritual adat mereka. Peneliti mungkin ikut serta dalam kegiatan komunitas, mengamati interaksi antaranggota, dan mewawancarai mereka untuk mendapatkan pemahaman tentang nilai-nilai dan kepercayaan yang mendasari ritual tersebut.
c. Kritis
Paradigma Kritis adalah salah satu paradigma dalam penelitian sosial yang bertujuan untuk mengkritisi dan mengubah struktur sosial yang tidak adil, seperti ketidakadilan, penindasan, ketimpangan, dan kekuasaan yang eksploitatif. Paradigma ini menekankan pentingnya kesadaran kritis terhadap realitas sosial dan upaya untuk mengubahnya demi terciptanya keadilan sosial.
Contoh dalam pendidikan :
Penelitian yang menganalisis ketidaksetaraan akses pendidikan antara kelompok sosial ekonomi rendah dan tinggi.
d. Postmodermis
Paradigma ini menantang asumsi-asumsi dalam ilmu pengetahuan modern dan menekankan keragaman, pluralisme, dan relativisme. Dalam paradigma ini berfokus pada bagaimana narasi-narasi dominan dalam pendidikan dapat diubah dan bagaimana pandangan minoritas dapat diakomodasi.
Contoh pada pendidikan:
Penelitian tentang bagaimana kurikulum pendidikan merepresentasikan identitas budaya yang beragam.
3. Pentingnya Memahami Paradigma Penelitian
Memahami paradigma penelitian sangat penting karena paradigma menentukan bagaimana seorang peneliti:
• Mendefinisikan masalah penelitian: Paradigma mempengaruhi bagaimana masalah penelitian diformulasikan. Dalam positivisme, masalah penelitian didekati dengan mencari hubungan sebab-akibat, sedangkan dalam interpretivisme, peneliti lebih tertarik pada pemahaman makna sosial.
• Memilih metode penelitian: Paradigma menentukan apakah peneliti menggunakan metode kuantitatif (positivisme), kualitatif (interpretivisme), atau gabungan keduanya (pragmatisme).
• Menganalisis data: Paradigma juga mempengaruhi bagaimana data dianalisis, apakah menggunakan statistik atau interpretasi naratif.
• Menarik kesimpulan: Paradigma membantu peneliti menentukan bagaimana mereka menyimpulkan hasil penelitian mereka. Peneliti positivis cenderung menarik kesimpulan yang generalis dan berlaku luas, sedangkan interpretivis akan lebih fokus pada pemahaman kontekstual dan situasi spesifik.
4. Peran Paradigma dalam Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Paradigma penelitian sangat mempengaruhi cara ilmu pengetahuan berkembang. Menurut Thomas Kuhn, ilmuwan filsuf yang memperkenalkan konsep paradigma, perkembangan ilmu tidak selalu linier. Ilmu berkembang melalui “revolusi ilmiah” di mana satu paradigma dapat digantikan oleh paradigma baru ketika bukti empiris dan teori yang ada tidak lagi bisa menjelaskan fenomena yang ditemukan.
Misalnya, dalam sejarah sains:
Paradigma Newtonian digantikan oleh Relativitas Einstein ketika fisika klasik tidak dapat menjelaskan perilaku objek pada kecepatan tinggi atau dalam medan gravitasi yang kuat.
5. Mengidentifikasi Paradigma Penelitian
Menentukan paradigma yang tepat untuk penelitian sangat penting. Peneliti harus memahami:
Tujuan penelitian: Apakah ingin memprediksi fenomena (positivisme) atau memahami makna sosial (interpretivisme)?
Jenis data yang dibutuhkan: Apakah memerlukan data numerik dan statistik (kuantitatif) atau data naratif dan deskriptif (kualitatif)?
Pengaruh nilai-nilai: Apakah penelitian bersifat netral dan obyektif, atau apakah peneliti berusaha mengubah kondisi sosial tertentu?
6. Contoh Paradigma dalam Penelitian Pendidikan
Positivisme: Dalam penelitian pendidikan, peneliti bisa menggunakan eksperimen untuk menguji efektivitas metode pembelajaran baru dengan menggunakan statistik untuk mengukur hasil pembelajaran siswa.
Interpretivisme: Peneliti dapat melakukan studi kualitatif untuk memahami bagaimana siswa mengalami pembelajaran di ruang kelas dan bagaimana faktor-faktor sosial mempengaruhi proses belajar mereka.
Pragmatisme: Peneliti pendidikan dapat menggunakan pendekatan campuran (mixed methods) untuk meneliti efektivitas kebijakan pendidikan, dengan menggabungkan data kuantitatif tentang hasil akademik siswa dan data kualitatif dari wawancara dengan guru.
Kesimpulan
Paradigma penelitian adalah kerangka dasar yang mencerminkan keyakinan seorang peneliti terkait realitas (ontologi), cara memperoleh pengetahuan (epistemologi), metode pengumpulan data (metodologi), serta para nilai (aksiologi) dalam penelitian. Pemilihan paradigma menentukan bagaimana peneliti memandang dunia, memilih metode penelitian, serta menginterpretasikan hasilnya.
Memahami Paradigma Penelitian
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The remaining authors declare that the research was performed
within the absence of any industrial or monetary relationships that could probably be construed as a potential battle of curiosity.
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In common, 37% of steroid users will expertise some form of gynecomastia (11). What we now have to remember when it comes to females utilizing anabolic steroids is that you’re introducing male androgen hormones into your body at ranges much larger than would ever be produced naturally. Other male-specific side effects of steroids embody the development of breast tissue (gynecomastia) as a end result of increased estrogen levels. Roid rage, or modifications in anger and aggression control, also can impact male steroid customers. Not all men will experience elevated aggressiveness, and analysis has shown that solely a tiny % of them discover this facet impact. When most individuals speak about steroids, they’re referring to both corticosteroids (also generally recognized as glucocorticoids) or anabolic steroids (also known as androgenic steroids) 2. These medicine have totally different unwanted side effects in women, that are most probably to develop with long-term oral, intravenous, or injected use.
This means it is well tolerated by most men and women when used at lower doses. The larger your dose of EQ, the higher the chance of unwanted effects and the more severe they can be. Androgenic unwanted side effects are another area that steroid users might be conversant in, and once once more, EQ is comparatively mild on this regard in comparison with many other anabolic steroids. Nonetheless, those that have a genetic predisposition to issues like acne or male pattern baldness would possibly see some activity in these areas. Still, Equipoise must be stopped a quantity of weeks before the top of the whole cycle so any estrogenic activity is eliminated before you attain the end of the cycle. Frequent selections for stacking with Equipoise embody Dianabol, which might increase mass features, power, and strength initially of the cycle.
Fish oil, even without the presence of anabolic steroids, has been found ineffective in decreasing systolic blood pressure in normal middle-aged men (7, 8). Not only do we see users’ muscle fibers increase in measurement, however in addition they repair faster than before as a outcome of enhanced recovery ranges. This can allow bodybuilders to train for longer durations of time with out fatiguing or overtraining from strenuous workouts. Additionally, Dianabol and different anabolic steroids can be purchased simply in Thailand, where they’re technically unlawful to buy without a prescription (being a class S controlled drug). However, tourists report that pharmacists don’t abide by the laws or will problem a prescription on the spot in exchange for the equivalent of a few dollars. As you’d count on, the amount of every steroid you’re taking and how lengthy you use it’s going to primarily affect its detection time.
This is as a end result of even if they stop taking Deca-Durabolin, it’s going to stay of their system for as much as 12 days. Anadrol would be a more appropriate bulking steroid for ladies in terms of stopping virilization, with giant doses failing to trigger masculinization even when taken for extreme intervals of time (8). Deca-Durabolin is typically taken by ladies when trying to bulk up and acquire lean muscle tissue. We have seen this stack add 30–40 pounds of weight gain to customers, accompanied by 50–70 pounds of increased power on compound lifts.
To cut back inflammation with out steroids, dietary modifications may be helpful. You can also attempt getting extra sleep in addition to reducing stress and other triggers. Now, let’s dive into the funhouse mirror world of body image and vanity points that often accompany steroid use. It’s a twisted reflection of reality where greater is never sufficiently big, and perfection is an ever-moving goal. When your hormones are all out of whack, your capacity to weigh execs and cons and make rational choices can go right out the window. It’s like your brain’s govt function decided to take an extended vacation, leaving your impulses in cost of the control panel. It’s necessary to acknowledge the signs of withdrawal and to hunt help if needed.
The commonest use of Nandrolone is in bulking cycles the place it’s stacked with testosterone and other steroids; Dianabol is one other very generally used AAS with Deca or NPP. Deca (Nandrolone Decanoate) is a reliable, affordable, and intensely efficient steroid that’s been used for decades. All these reasons make Deca a steroid to like, perhaps above all other compounds. Muscle features are full and fast, it promotes nitrogen retention amazingly nicely, and as a bonus, you get all the therapeutic advantages you need for joint ache and recovery.
Lastly, the results of a examine demonstrated that the presence of AAS metabolites in urine could also be a predictive issue of cardiac changes in AAS abusers [27]. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, irritation and changes in endocrine homeostasis are liable for multi-organ harm in AASs abusers. Though a quantity of positive results of AAS use had been described, supraphysiological doses and AASs abuse and misuse might lead to serious penalties in all physique tissues and organs (Figure 2). Secondly, Estrogen unwanted aspect effects also can outcome from compounds that are not Estrogens by nature, but are probably to additionally bind to the Estrogen receptors within the body.
You have to know in regards to the properties of each compound so you can decide what benefits (and downsides) each one will convey to the cycle and how totally different compounds can complement one another. You might be wondering about typical doses for the first compound in a standard cycle. The vary could be huge, depending on what you’re making an attempt to get out of the cycle! Anyplace from 300mg to 2000mg per week of any of the above testosterone steroids could be effectively used in a regular cycle. If you’re going to do recurring cycles, your off-cycle time ought to be a minimum of equal to the length of the cycle itself. This allows a full HPTA recovery (aided by PCT) and a adequate break from all steroids earlier than getting again to another cycle.
Suppose I had to choose the 2 most beneficial functions of Nandrolone that make it stand out from other AAS. In that case, it’s the much larger price of nitrogen retention, plus the incredible collagen and bone mineral activity, which we don’t see at this degree with other PEDs. Nandrolone has been round since the 1950s, with Nandrolone decanoate seeing its first medical makes use of in 1962. Still, with its shorter half-life, scientists wanted a longer-lasting type of Nandrolone for extra convenient patient administration, so Nandrolone Decanoate (Deca-Durabolin) was born. After the isolation of testosterone, and the following creation of synthetic testosterone within the Nineteen Thirties, it wasn’t lengthy before the latter was being used in performance-focused sports with an emphasis on bodybuilding. Very young and aged individuals are extra vulnerable to develop steroid unwanted effects.
It is unclear why trenbolone has a more notable stimulating effect than other anabolic steroids. This is likely considered one of the the purpose why some bodybuilders avoid this steroid for optimum mental well-being. EQ is a steroid that stacks significantly properly with nearly some other anabolic steroid. It can be used for bulking or chopping, where it’s excellent at helping retain lean muscle. You can, therefore, stack Boldenone with other steroids that fit your particular objectives, whether or not they be chopping, mass features, or performance enhancement. Equipoise can crash your estrogen (relevant to males) if you’re not careful. Using a excessive EQ dose and solely a low testosterone dose could cause havoc with estrogen ranges as a outcome of EQ having AI-like results.
References:
https://pedselite.com/como-evitar-los-efectos-secundarios-del-dianabol/42927/
While anabolic steroids have their place within the therapy of certain medical situations,
these medicines usually are not protected for any other use.
Any guarantees of higher athletic performance are additionally not backed by scientific proof.
The stimulative results of trenbolone may be attributed to declines in psychological health.
This usually translates to a short-term increase in dopamine and adrenaline
levels for the first few weeks and then considerably less dopamine from there onward.
Our patients usually report initial euphoria initially of trenbolone cycles and then a crash towards the top.
Some AAS customers would possibly, therefore, resort to using hCG or human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) to maintain up testis volume rather than seeking to preserve
fertility per se. Whether or not AAS are
ultimately discovered to impair kidney function, long-term use
resulting in (untreated) hypertension is most probably to
inflict renal harm. Biochemically, this expresses itself in comparatively small elevations of blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (99) values.
Hardly Ever, AAS-induced hepatotoxicity may present itself
in jaundice and pruritus (100, 101).
Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are widespread mechanisms concerned in AAS-related damage
in the entire physique. The cardiovascular system
and the reproductive system are essentially the most regularly concerned apparatuses.
Epidemiology as well as the molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in the neuropsychiatric side-effects
of AAS abuse are still unclear, further analysis is required in this area.
In addition, diagnostically dependable checks for AAS abuse should be
standardized.
Boys who start utilizing anabolic steroids as teenagers present elevated impulsivity and decreased attention, in comparability with
men who started utilizing steroids of their adult
years. Different unwanted facet effects are muscle weakness,
eye issues (including cataracts), and the next risk
of diabetes. Short-term use can cause weight achieve, puffy face, nausea, temper swings, and bother sleeping.
You might also get thinner skin, zits, unusual hair progress, and spikes in blood sugar and blood
pressure. Because corticosteroids flip down your immune system, taking them makes you extra likely to get infections.
To avoid erectile dysfunction on steroids, you will need
to observe proper dosage tips and seek the advice of a healthcare professional.
For those dealing with the aftereffects of steroid
use, remedies similar to Neuroballistics™ provide a solution to combating
ED. This progressive approach targets vascular and neurological pathways to
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Women utilizing steroids can develop traits that are usually seen in males.
The threat of masculinization is critical, and tons of
of those effects can’t be reversed. Nevertheless, overall, we now have discovered trenbolone’s unwanted effects to be harsh
(5), particularly in relation to the center and damage to the HPTA.
Moreover, the half-life of a steroid is only one factor influencing
its length of motion in the physique. We
reviewed the evolving literature on long-term
psychiatric and medical penalties of AAS abuse.
We consider that the endocrine community has a pivotal role in both analysis and treatment.
Due to the controversial nature of AAS abuse and its medical administration, it’s the duty of national and international endocrine societies to
give some guidance. Therefore, we strongly suggest administration guidelines to help the person endocrinologist.
Finally, in postmenopausal ladies, SERMs have been proven to be mildly thrombogenic
and related, albeit, milder results Managing Mood Changes on Dianabol coagulation parameters
have been reported in males (23). Nonetheless,
the choice of steroid should always be made by
a healthcare provider based on the individual patient’s needs and medical history.
This survey produced decrease estimates of AAS use than the nameless questionnaire research, for reasons that we’ve discussed
elsewhere (Kanayama et al., 2007). However even by this extra conservative estimate,
practically 1,000,000 American males had used AAS by 1991 (SAMHSA, 1991; Yesalis et al., 1993).
In 1990, the Usa Congress passed the Steroid Trafficking
Act (One Hundred First Congress, 1990), acknowledging that
AAS use had arisen as an important substance use downside within the Usa.
Additionally by the early Nineteen Nineties, inhabitants research started to document widespread AAS use amongst college students within the United Kingdom
(Williamson, 1993), South Africa (Schwellnus et al., 1992),
and Scandinavia (Nilsson, 1995).
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