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Pedoman Observasi Aliran Filsafat Pendidikan
Pedoman observasi ini bertujuan membantu mahasiswa menentukan aliran filsafat pendidikan yang diterapkan di sekolah dasar (SD) melalui penggunaan teori-teori filsafat dan penyusunan instrumen observasi yang sistematis. Aliran filsafat yang diobservasi meliputi Idealisme, Realisme, Pragmatisme, Eksistensialisme, Perenialisme, dan Esensialisme. Setiap aliran memiliki karakteristik khusus yang dapat diidentifikasi melalui perilaku pengajaran, metode pembelajaran, serta tujuan pendidikan yang terlihat di dalam kelas.
Langkah pertama dalam penyusunan pedoman ini adalah merumuskan kisi-kisi yang didasarkan pada teori utama dari setiap aliran filsafat. Setiap aliran memiliki fondasi teoritis dari para tokoh seperti Plato (Idealisme), Aristoteles (Realisme), John Dewey (Pragmatisme), Jean-Paul Sartre (Eksistensialisme), Robert Hutchins (Perenialisme), dan William Bagley (Esensialisme). Kisi-kisi ini disusun untuk memastikan pertanyaan observasi terkait setiap aliran berfokus pada ciri khas masing-masing filosofi. Contohnya, Idealime lebih menekankan pada pengembangan moral dan kebenaran universal, sementara Pragmatisme berfokus pada penerapan praktis dan pemecahan masalah nyata.
Setelah kisi-kisi disusun, instrumen observasi dirancang dengan menggunakan pertanyaan yang sesuai dengan masing-masing aliran filsafat. Setiap aliran diwakili oleh 10 pertanyaan observasi yang spesifik, sederhana, dan tidak mengandung konjungsi atau kalimat majemuk, seperti yang diharapkan dalam pedoman observasi yang efektif. Pertanyaan ini bertujuan untuk membantu mahasiswa mengidentifikasi apakah pengajaran lebih menekankan fakta empiris, pengembangan karakter, pemecahan masalah, kebebasan individu, atau penanaman nilai-nilai abadi.
Instrumen observasi ini akan digunakan oleh mahasiswa saat mengamati kegiatan pembelajaran di SD. Mahasiswa akan mencatat bagaimana guru mengajar, materi yang diajarkan, metode yang digunakan, serta sikap siswa dalam pembelajaran. Dengan menjawab pertanyaan observasi yang ada, mahasiswa dapat mengumpulkan data yang relevan dan menentukan aliran filsafat yang dominan dalam proses pembelajaran di sekolah yang mereka amati.
Hasil temuan dari observasi ini akan membantu mahasiswa memahami bagaimana teori filsafat pendidikan diterapkan dalam konteks dunia nyata. Selain itu, temuan tersebut dapat menjadi bahan refleksi bagi mahasiswa dalam mengembangkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang berbagai aliran filsafat dan penerapannya dalam pendidikan dasar.
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