Kohesi dan Penanda Bahasa

Pembaca: 752
0
(0)

Pengertian Kohesi
Kohesi merupakan aspek penting dalam analisis wacana yang menunjukkan bagaimana elemen-elemen dalam sebuah teks saling terhubung secara eksplisit. Kohesi bertumpu pada hubungan gramatikal dan leksikal antara kalimat atau bagian dalam teks, sehingga menciptakan alur yang logis dan terstruktur. Kohesi memastikan bahwa makna yang disampaikan oleh teks tidak terpecah-pecah, melainkan terpadu dan dapat dipahami secara utuh oleh pembaca atau pendengar.

Kohesi

Jenis-Jenis Kohesi
Kohesi dalam wacana dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis utama:

  1. Kohesi Gramatikal
    Kohesi ini tercipta melalui penggunaan unsur-unsur gramatikal yang menyatukan elemen-elemen dalam teks. Kohesi gramatikal meliputi:
    • Referensi: Penggunaan kata untuk merujuk sesuatu yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya (anafora) atau yang akan disebutkan (katafora). Contoh:
      • “Siti membeli buku. Dia sangat menyukai buku itu.” (Dia merujuk pada Siti).
    • Substitusi: Penggantian satu elemen teks dengan elemen lain untuk menghindari repetisi. Contoh:
      • “Ali suka teh, tetapi Hasan lebih memilih itu.” (itu menggantikan “teh”).
    • Elipsis: Penghilangan unsur tertentu yang dapat dipahami dari konteks. Contoh:
      • “Saya membaca novel, dan Rani [membaca] puisi.”
    • Konjungsi: Penggunaan kata penghubung untuk mengaitkan ide-ide dalam teks. Contoh:
      • “Ia berusaha keras, namun gagal.”
  2. Kohesi Leksikal
    Kohesi ini terbentuk melalui hubungan semantik antar kata dalam teks. Beberapa bentuk kohesi leksikal adalah:
    • Repetisi: Pengulangan kata atau frasa untuk menegaskan makna. Contoh:
      • “Kebersihan itu penting. Kebersihan mencerminkan kepribadian seseorang.”
    • Sinonimi: Penggunaan kata yang memiliki makna sama atau hampir sama. Contoh:
      • “Ia sangat riang karena kabar baik itu. Wajahnya tampak gembira.”
    • Antonimi: Penggunaan kata yang memiliki makna berlawanan. Contoh:
      • “Siang berganti malam, terang berubah gelap.”
    • Hiponimi dan Hipernimi: Penggunaan kata dengan hubungan makna hierarkis. Contoh:
      • “Ia membawa bunga mawar dan melati.” (mawar dan melati adalah hiponim dari bunga).
    • Kolokasi: Penggunaan kata yang sering muncul bersama dalam konteks tertentu. Contoh:
      • “Makan nasi dengan lauk pauk.”
Baca Juga:  Introduction to Argumentative Writing

Penanda Bahasa dalam Kohesi
Penanda bahasa adalah elemen linguistik yang berfungsi menghubungkan bagian-bagian teks secara eksplisit. Penanda ini membantu menciptakan kohesi dan mengarahkan pembaca atau pendengar untuk memahami hubungan antara ide-ide dalam teks. Beberapa jenis penanda bahasa dalam kohesi meliputi:

  1. Konjungsi
    Konjungsi merupakan penanda kohesi yang paling umum digunakan. Berdasarkan fungsi, konjungsi dapat dibagi menjadi:
    • Penambahan: dan, serta, juga. Contoh: “Dia membeli buku dan pensil.”
    • Pertentangan: tetapi, namun, melainkan. Contoh: “Ia rajin, tetapi hasilnya tidak memuaskan.”
    • Penyebab: karena, sebab, oleh karena itu. Contoh: “Ia terlambat karena bangun kesiangan.”
    • Waktu: ketika, sebelum, setelah. Contoh: “Ia pulang setelah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya.”
  2. Referensi Pronominal
    Pronomina seperti dia, mereka, ini, itu sering digunakan untuk menjaga kohesi. Contoh:
    • “Rani membeli sepatu baru. Itu sangat cocok untuknya.”
  3. Penghubung Leksikal
    Penggunaan sinonimi, antonimi, atau kolokasi juga berfungsi sebagai penanda bahasa untuk kohesi. Contoh:
    • “Ia menulis puisi di kertas biru. Tulisan itu sangat indah.”
  4. Pengulangan Kata atau Frasa
    Repetisi sering digunakan untuk menekankan ide atau menyambungkan bagian teks. Contoh:
    • “Kedisiplinan harus diterapkan. Kedisiplinan adalah kunci keberhasilan.”

Pentingnya Kohesi dalam Wacana
Kohesi merupakan salah satu aspek yang membedakan teks yang terorganisasi dengan baik dari kumpulan kalimat yang terpisah. Kohesi memudahkan pembaca atau pendengar untuk memahami hubungan antaride dalam teks, sehingga makna dapat tersampaikan secara efektif. Dalam konteks akademik, kohesi menjadi kunci dalam menulis esai, laporan, atau karya ilmiah, karena pembaca membutuhkan alur logis yang memandu pemahaman mereka.

Baca Juga:  Narrative Texts and Storytelling

Hubungan Kohesi dengan Koherensi
Walaupun kohesi dan koherensi sering digunakan secara bergantian, keduanya memiliki perbedaan. Kohesi berfokus pada hubungan formal antar elemen teks, sedangkan koherensi berkaitan dengan logika dan keselarasan makna. Sebuah teks yang kohesif belum tentu koheren jika hubungan antaride di dalamnya tidak logis atau tidak relevan. Oleh karena itu, kohesi dan koherensi harus berjalan beriringan untuk menciptakan teks yang baik.

Kohesi adalah tulang punggung struktur teks yang terlihat secara eksplisit, sementara koherensi memberikan nyawa pada teks melalui hubungan makna yang logis dan intuitif. Pemahaman mendalam tentang kohesi dan penanda bahasanya adalah langkah awal dalam menghasilkan wacana yang komunikatif, persuasif, dan memikat.

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

Average rating 0 / 5. Vote count: 0

No votes so far! Be the first to rate this post.

Tags: ,

This Post Has 71 Comments

  6. Clenbutrol User Experiences 1 November 2025 Reply

    The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a widely used 21-item self-report stock used to evaluate anxiousness
    levels [15]. BDI and BAI had been used to evaluate depression and
    anxiousness within the AAS consumer and control groups.
    The research investigators stuffed out the surveys using the face-to-face interview
    approach with the study individuals. Every participant in the study was individually interviewed, and the survey questions
    were posed on to them. Understanding the broader implications of prenatal androgen publicity is particularly related given the rising prevalence of neurodevelopmental problems,
    corresponding to ASD and attention deficit hyperactivity dysfunction (ADHD), in contemporary populations.

    This underscores the necessity of investigating the consequences of androgen publicity throughout crucial windows of fetal development and elucidating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms concerned.

    Cholesterol changes, testosterone suppression, and liver toxicity are all other unwanted
    side effects to remember of with Anadrol. General, Anadrol is
    a potent weapon to have in your steroid arsenal and will present a mighty enhance
    to your bulking cycle when used with other bulking compounds.
    If you’re going to run an Anadrol cycle, take a glance at my full
    Anadrol (Oxymetholone) cycle information. The value of a formulation of
    multiple testosterone esters is that you combine both slow-acting and fast-acting forms of
    the hormone – whereas the quick esters begin working immediately, the long esters kick in later.
    This means you aren’t tied to the properties of just a single type of testosterone.

    Harm discount programmes, in the type of needle and syringe programmes (NSP), have clearly been successful in participating AAS customers in Australia
    [42, 43, seventy seven, 78] and, particularly, the Uk [5, 30, seventy nine, 80].
    However, even where uptake of service is excessive, substantial numbers of
    AAS customers do not entry these companies [26, sixty eight, 80, 81].
    Coverage steerage relating to the supply of harm discount providers
    for AAS customers, centred round NSP provision, is in place
    within the United Kingdom [82, 83], with its significance recognised in Nationwide Drug Strategy and Treatment guidelines [84, 85].
    Whereas these tips are based on well-established principles of treatment engagement and harm reduction, there might be an urgent must establish the place we now have evidence to support specific interventions and the place the evidence gaps stay.

    Underground chemists seem additionally to be accessing information regarding different steroids that have been synthesized a quantity of many years in the
    past by pharmaceutical corporations but have been by no means marketed.
    Though the extent of this exercise seems to be limited,
    as screening procedures rely on targeting selecting ions for
    monitoring by mass spectrometry, unknown steroids might escape detection. Transdermal formulations are invariably testosterone
    primarily based, legitimately designed for alternative remedy, and embrace the ‘patch’
    and hydroalcoholic gels, to be applied every
    day.
    It has been advised that the incidence of cancer in several tissues is strictly positively correlated to the number of
    stem cell divisions within the lifetime occurring in them [50].
    The unwanted effects on the pure synthesis of anabolic steroids play a possible function in hormonal changes/regulation and it could be suspected to be at the base of certain carcinogenic mechanisms [113,119].
    Furthermore, simply accessible and commonly diffused AASs, corresponding to nandrolone and stanozolol, have the potential
    position within the pathogenesis of most cancers, corresponding to Leydig cell tumor via
    a quantity of process pathways [113]. Given that it was demonstrated a correlation between AASs abuse and most cancers, the prevention of its abuse and the information campaigns in gyms and amongst younger athletes are necessary.
    In this regard, surveillance of long-term abuser is warranted so as to carry out at early diagnosis.
    AAS-induced hepatotoxicity is influenced by genetic factors, and is said to the
    infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver tissue, similar to lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils [83,84].

    There are several substances that produce effects just like those of anabolic steroids.
    These non-steroidal anabolics embrace human progress hormone (GH), clenbuterol, gonadotropins, and erythropoietin. Human chorionic
    gonadotropin (hCG) has luteinizing hormone (LH) exercise that stimulates
    endogenous testosterone manufacturing in males, but not ladies 27.
    Exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is broadly available, and
    effective when administered twice weekly as a subcutaneous injection. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is usually (much more generally than injectable recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH)) used by athletes and members of most people who need
    elevated anabolic androgenic steroid effects on muscle mass and energy 28.

    They demonstrated that each testosterone and androstenedione increased ovarian cancer cell viability by way of the expression, activity, and phosphorylation of
    telomerase, and by blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway
    inhibitors. Consequently, it was acknowledged that the PI3K/Akt pathway triggered this upregulation and that the hTERT mRNA ranges had been significantly elevated with exposure to testosterone and androstenedione, thanks to quantitative PCR analyses.
    HTERT is a gene capable to encode the telomerase catalytic subunit, thus,
    permitting sustained cell proliferation, which has already
    been revealed to be regulated in human prostate cancer cells in vivo by
    androgens. In addition, androgen use has been reported to improve telomerase expression and habits.

    There was a primary impact of ND to extend Cyclin D1 mRNA expression after 14 days of recovery post-injury in eight-week-old male C57BL/6
    mice, but no impact was current after forty two days (38).
    ND brought on the expression of HBS1, GAL, ADAMTS1, SERPINE1, NR4A1-3,
    ATF3, BTG2, TCF4, and USP 12 to be downregulated at seven days post-administration in male Wistar-Hannover rats but upregulated at 35 days post-administration (31).

    TPM, BCL6, TLE1, and UBE2E2 have been downregulated at both seven- and 35-days post-administration in male Wistar-Hannover rats (31).
    BHLHB3 and SFRS10 expression was upregulated at seven days post-administration in male Wistar-Hannover rats but downregulated
    at 35 days post-administration (31).
    With an estimated world lifetime prevalence rate of 3.3% (6.4%
    for males and 1.6% for females) (2), just about each practising doctor will provide look
    after an AAS consumer in some unspecified time within the future in their
    profession. Though, after all, the AAS consumer will not essentially disclose his
    use of AAS or present with unwanted effects brought on by it.
    This evaluation therefore supplies a comprehensive overview of this class of hormones’ fundamental pharmacology and unwanted side effects.

    All Through this evaluate, we point out
    treatment options for several unwanted effects; these shouldn’t be
    considered strict suggestions, as they’re largely
    a reflection of how AAS users self-medicate or what is thought from the literature.
    It remains debatable whether or not or not physicians should medically target negative effects of AAS use.

    Obviously, discontinuing AAS can be the preferred answer for nearly each
    facet impact. This could be inspired by affected person schooling on the
    attainable dangers and addressing psychological issues that preserve
    AAS use, similar to physique dysmorphia and habit.
    The unproven rationale behind this strategy is to realize
    muscle mass and energy during a cycle, allowing the physique to recuperate between cycles.
    The contents, dose and length of the cycles are principally directed by advice
    from self-proclaimed specialists and are based on unproven beliefs and personal expertise.
    Since muscle mass and power decline after discontinuation of AAS,
    a quantity of cycles or continuous use are deemed necessary
    to maintain up or further increase gained muscle mass. In our cohort examine, the mean weekly estimated androgen dose was almost
    1000 mg, ranging between 250 and 3300 mg (3).

    References:

    Clenbutrol User Experiences

Leave a Reply