
01 Memahami Kerangka Pemikiran
Memahami Kerangka pemikiran dalam penelitian adalah seperangkat keyakinan yang membimbing seorang peneliti dalam memandang realitas, pengetahuan, dan metodologi.
Memahami Kerangka Penelitian: Dasar dan Relevansi dalam Pendidikan
Dalam penelitian, istilah kerangka pemikiran sering digunakan untuk merujuk pada pola pikir yang membantu peneliti memahami dan mendekati suatu masalah. Kerangka ini mencakup keyakinan tentang bagaimana dunia bekerja, bagaimana pengetahuan diperoleh, dan cara-cara dalam melakukan penelitian. Memahami kerangka pemikiran sangat penting dalam penelitian, khususnya di bidang pendidikan. Pemahaman ini memengaruhi pendekatan yang digunakan, hasil yang diperoleh, serta bagaimana peneliti menarik kesimpulan. Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas apa itu kerangka pemikiran, mengapa penting untuk memahaminya, serta beberapa contoh kerangka yang umum digunakan dalam penelitian pendidikan.
Pengertian Kerangka Pemikiran
Kerangka pemikiran dalam penelitian adalah seperangkat keyakinan yang membimbing seorang peneliti dalam memandang realitas (cara mereka melihat dunia), pengetahuan (bagaimana pengetahuan diperoleh), dan metodologi (bagaimana penelitian dilakukan). Kerangka ini mengarahkan bagaimana peneliti memilih metode penelitian, mengumpulkan data, dan menganalisisnya. Dalam dunia pendidikan, kerangka pemikiran memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan bagaimana fenomena pendidikan dipelajari dan diinterpretasikan.
Misalnya, beberapa peneliti percaya bahwa dunia dapat diukur dengan objektif dan teratur. Peneliti ini cenderung menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif seperti eksperimen atau survei. Di sisi lain, ada juga peneliti yang lebih tertarik pada bagaimana seseorang memaknai pengalaman mereka, yang cenderung menggunakan metode kualitatif seperti wawancara atau observasi.
Mengapa Memahami Kerangka Pemikiran Itu Penting?
Memahami kerangka pemikiran bukan hanya penting bagi peneliti, tetapi juga bagi praktisi pendidikan. Hal ini membantu dalam memilih pendekatan penelitian yang sesuai, serta menjamin bahwa hasil yang diperoleh relevan dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Berikut adalah beberapa alasan pentingnya memahami kerangka pemikiran:
1. Mengatur Pendekatan Penelitian
Setiap peneliti memiliki cara pandang yang berbeda terhadap realitas, dan ini memengaruhi metode yang dipilih. Misalnya, jika seorang peneliti percaya bahwa pengalaman manusia harus dipahami dari sudut pandang subjek yang terlibat, maka ia akan memilih metode kualitatif. Sebaliknya, jika ia ingin menemukan pola atau hukum umum, metode kuantitatif akan lebih sesuai.
2. Membantu Menyusun Pertanyaan Penelitian yang Tepat
Kerangka pemikiran membantu dalam merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian yang sesuai. Jika peneliti ingin mengetahui pengaruh program pendidikan terhadap hasil belajar siswa, ia mungkin akan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Namun, jika peneliti ingin mengetahui pengalaman siswa dalam program tersebut, pendekatan kualitatif akan lebih tepat.
3. Menghindari Kesalahan Penelitian
Tanpa pemahaman yang baik tentang kerangka pemikiran, peneliti bisa saja menggunakan metode yang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan penelitiannya. Akibatnya, hasil penelitian mungkin menjadi tidak relevan atau bahkan salah. Dengan pemahaman yang baik, peneliti dapat menghindari kesalahan ini dan mendapatkan hasil yang lebih akurat.
Beberapa Kerangka dalam Penelitian Pendidikan
Dalam penelitian pendidikan, ada beberapa kerangka pemikiran yang sering digunakan. Masing-masing menawarkan cara pandang yang berbeda terhadap masalah-masalah pendidikan. Berikut beberapa di antaranya:
1. Kerangka Positivistik
Dalam kerangka ini, dunia dilihat sebagai sesuatu yang dapat diukur secara objektif. Peneliti menggunakan metode kuantitatif untuk mengumpulkan data, seperti tes atau eksperimen. Contoh penerapannya dalam pendidikan adalah penelitian yang mengukur efektivitas penggunaan teknologi dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.
2. Kerangka Interpretif
Kerangka ini lebih berfokus pada pemahaman subyektif individu. Peneliti yang menggunakan pendekatan ini ingin tahu bagaimana siswa atau guru memaknai pengalaman mereka dalam suatu situasi tertentu. Metode yang biasa digunakan adalah wawancara atau observasi. Misalnya, peneliti bisa menggunakan pendekatan ini untuk mengeksplorasi pengalaman siswa dalam kelas inklusif.
3. Kerangka Kritis
Pendekatan kritis menekankan pada isu ketidakadilan dalam sistem pendidikan. Peneliti dengan kerangka ini sering kali ingin menemukan cara untuk mengatasi ketimpangan sosial atau ekonomi yang ada dalam pendidikan. Contohnya adalah penelitian yang mempelajari bagaimana latar belakang sosial-ekonomi memengaruhi akses siswa terhadap pendidikan berkualitas.
Langkah-langkah Memilih Kerangka Pemikiran yang Sesuai
Bagi peneliti pendidikan, memilih kerangka pemikiran yang sesuai sangat penting untuk memastikan penelitian berjalan efektif dan relevan. Berikut beberapa hal yang bisa diperhatikan:
1. Tentukan Pertanyaan Penelitian
Langkah pertama adalah merumuskan pertanyaan penelitian yang jelas. Jika pertanyaan penelitian bersifat kuantitatif, seperti “Apa pengaruh teknologi terhadap hasil belajar siswa?”, maka kerangka positivistik mungkin lebih sesuai. Jika pertanyaannya lebih kualitatif, seperti “Bagaimana siswa merasakan pembelajaran daring?”, maka kerangka interpretif mungkin lebih tepat.
2. Pertimbangkan Asumsi tentang Dunia
Tanyakan kepada diri sendiri bagaimana Anda melihat dunia. Apakah Anda melihat dunia sebagai sesuatu yang dapat diukur dengan pasti, atau lebih pada pemahaman subjektif individu? Jawaban Anda akan membantu menentukan kerangka pemikiran yang cocok.
3. Pilih Metode yang Tepat
Setelah menentukan kerangka, pilihlah metode yang sesuai. Jika Anda menggunakan kerangka positivistik, maka metode kuantitatif akan lebih tepat. Sebaliknya, jika Anda memilih kerangka interpretif atau kritis, metode kualitatif seperti wawancara atau observasi mungkin lebih cocok.
4. Refleksi Tujuan Penelitian
Pikirkan apakah tujuan penelitian Anda adalah untuk memahami suatu fenomena atau untuk mengubahnya. Jika Anda ingin mempengaruhi perubahan dalam sistem pendidikan, kerangka kritis mungkin lebih relevan.
Kesimpulan
Memahami kerangka sangat penting dalam penelitian pendidikan. Kerangka ini membantu peneliti menentukan pendekatan, memilih metode, serta menginterpretasikan hasil dengan lebih baik. Dengan pemahaman yang baik, peneliti dapat menghasilkan penelitian yang lebih relevan dan berkualitas tinggi, serta mencegah kesalahan dalam proses penelitian.
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