Menulis latar belakang penelitian yang baik

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Latar belakang? Apa itu latar belakang? Latar belakang ialah  informasi awal dari seluruh kegiatan penelitian yang memuat isu atau topik yang diangkat. Latar belakang juga memberikan gambaran apakah peneliti merupakan orang yang menguasai topik yang diangkat atau tidak dan penggunaan bahasa yang cermat atau sebaliknya.

Menulis latar belakang diawali dengan menemukan masalah yang akan diteliti. Lalu dilanjutkan dengan menulis latar belakang masalah penelitian, dalam melalui latar belakang peneliti akan menyampaikan atau mengungkapkan gagasan/ fikiran kepada orang lain lewat latar belakang ini. Keraf (1997:34) menyatakan bahwa tujuan tulis-menulis atau karang-mengarang adalah untuk mengungkapkan fakta-fakta, perasaan, sikap dan isi pikiran kepada pembaca secara jelas dan efektif. Dalam menulis latar belakang ada 3 hal yang harus difokukan yaitu:

  • substansi yang ditulis : dimaksud dalam hal ini menyangkut tema atau topik yang ditulis masih kabur, kurang dukungan bukti empirik dan teoretik, dan tema yang diangkat bukan hal baru.
  • logika berpikir : meliputi  kemampuan menuliskan ide atau gagasan dalam bahasa tulis dengan alur urutan yang tidak logis, banyak dalam penelitian menulis alur sangat tidak logis.
  • bahasa yang digunakan : persoalan bahasa meliputi ketidakcermatan atau ketidaktelitian penulisan ejaan kata dan tata aturan menulis kalimat yang tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan baku dan gramatika bahasa yang dipakai. Sebagai contoh, kesalahan penulisan awalan dan kata depan ‘di’, ‘ke’, dan ‘ter’, merupakan salah satu persoalan bahasa yang sangat sering terjadi. Misalnya, penulisan kata “dikantor” yang mestinya “di kantor”, “di beli” yang mestinya “dibeli”, “ter cerahkan” yang mestinya “tercerahkan”.
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Suatu tema mungkin akan baik dan menarik, tetapi jika ditulis menggunakan bahasa yang  banyak kesalahan itu akan berakibat sebaliknya. Mengapa tulisan harus benar, jelas, dan efektif? Karna jika dengan penulisan sudah sangat benar pembaca akan sangat menyukai bacaan dan pembacanya pun akan larut di dalam bacaan tersebut.

Adapun sebaliknya jika kita tidak serius dalam hal memilih latar belakang, pembaca akan sangat malas dalam membacanya, bagaimana mungkin seseorang bisa melakukan hal-hal besar dan serius ketika hal-hal sederhana saja tidak bisa ditunaikan dengan baik, walaupun kesalahan bahasa tidak bisa dianggap sebagai hal sederhana.

Adapun juga Latar belakang harus sistematis dan tidak boleh ditulis sembarangan, yang akan membingungkan pembaca. Tulisan kita harus terorganisir dengan baik, dan ada perbedaan antara penulisan latar belakang kuantitatif dan kualitatif.

Jika kita melakukan penelitian dengan tulisan kuantitatif, kita harus menggunakan logika deduktif, dan jika kita menggunakan tulisan kualitatif, kita harus menggunakan logika induktif. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk memperhatikan dan menulis latar belakang secara sistematis.

Latar belakang memberikan informasi awal dari seluruh kegiatan penelitian yang memuat isu atau topik yang diangkat. Latar belakang juga memberikan gambaran apakah peneliti merupakan orang yang menguasai topik yang diangkat atau tidak dan pengguna bahasa yang cermat atau sebaliknya.

Karena itu, diusahakan jangan sampai terjadi kesalahan bahasa di bagian awal-awal penulisan karya ilmiah.  Sedemikian pentingnya penulisan latar belakang yang baik, maka kita perlu memperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut:

  1. Alasan rasional mengapa tema perlu diteliti dan jika tidak apa risikonya.
  2. Tema yang diangkat benar-benar merupakan masalah publik (bukan masalah pribadi) dan bukan pula sesuatu yang dipermasalahkan.
  3. Kompleksitas masalah sehingga memerlukan metode secara ilmiah untuk menyelesaikannya.
  4. Tema akan menghasilkan ilmu pengetahuan dari penelitian yang dilakukan.
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Adapun juga Latar belakang tidak harus panjang lebar hingga berhalaman-halaman, tetapi singkat namun padat. Dengan tulisan yang padat, peneliti berusaha menyampaikan informasi yang komprehensif ke pembaca dengan mudah. Selain itu, melalui latar belakang penulis berusaha meyakinkan pembaca mengenai seberapa penting tema diangkat, baik bagi peneliti sendiri maupun bagi orang lain dan masyarakat luas.

Tujuan utama latar belakang ialah mengantarkan pembaca agar memahami dan tertarik dengan tema yang ditulis. Karena itu, selain memakai bahasa ilmiah yang baku, latar belakang juga menyediakan informasi penting  mengenai tali-temalinya dengan studi-studi sebelumnya, jika kalian tidak melihat tema dari sebeleum sebelumnya kalian tidak akan tau bahwa tema itu baru di angkat atau sudah usang.

Agar latar belakang dapat menarik minat pembaca, padat, ringkas, dan berkualitas, dikutip dari Sarifudin Website Institute, ada beberapa aspek yang perlu diperhatikan sebagai berikut:

  1. Aspek normatif, yaitu kondisi yang seharusnya atau ingin dicapai secara ideal.
  2. Aspek empirik, yaitu kondisi yang sebenarnya terjadi di lapangan dan menjadi pertanyaan, karena berbeda dengan kondisi ideal. Pada aspek empirik akan tergambar gap atau ketimpangan antara normatif dan empirik, sehingga permasalahan yang akan diangkat tertera di bagian ini.
  3. Aspek teoretik, yakni bagian yang mengungkapkan metode yang akan digunakan untuk menyelesaikan persoalan yang disebut gap penelitian.

Agar penulisan latar belakang tersajikan secara efektif, Syarifudin menawarkan sistem piramida terbalik sebagai berikut:

  1. Pada bagian awal latar belakang peneliti menyajikan gambaran umum tentang masalah yang akan diteliti, mulai dari hal yang bersifat global terus menyempit hingga mengerucut ke objek dan ruang lingkup yang akan diteliti.
  2. Pada bagian tengah tulisan diungkap mengenai fakta, fenomena, data empirik dari studi-studi sebelumnya dan pendapat para ahli.
  3. Bagian akhir latar belakang membahas mengenai alternatif solusi yang bisa ditawarkan, baik secara teoretis maupun praktis, sehingga melahirkan judul penelitian. Karena itu, dalam metode penelitian kualitatif peneliti tidak perlu bingung dan sibuk mencari judul penelitian sejak awal, melainkan tema dulu.
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